Geologically, the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Elat) must be considered as the northern extension of the same structure. 60934 kilometers. 86897624190065. Learn more. See how far it is between each place of interest and all the islands and towns you will. You can easily calculate/measure the distance between a vessel and any other Waypoint as defined by you. Founded in August of 2005, SeaRates is a trusted community marketplace for people to send goods around the world. Preview of Nautical Sea Distance Calculator Result. To find speed, time or distance, enter a value in two of the three fields, and the third will be calculated for you. This method uses the observation that the average distance between the left and right eye of an adult is about 6. We have developed custom routing algorithms, and leverage. You can calculate things like the straight line distance between cities. 15078 mph. C. The relevant port(s) for countries with access to the sea is defined as the coastal cell of a country that contains the highest number of shipping lines, and each landlocked country is associated. The Alberta Motor. Searates provides Online Tool for Distance Calculation & Shipping Rates Between Air & Sea Ports. This distance and driving directions will also be displayed on an interactive map labeled as Distance Map and Driving Directions US. Finding latitude became easier with the invention of angle-finding instruments, but finding longitude remained difficult until a seaworthy clock was perfected. Calculator will immediately calculate with selected distance unit. extreme winds), Air Temperature, Wind. 000 distances. The authors generate initial (unobstructed) and counterfactual (rerouted) least-cost maritime paths between trading countries, and use the distances of. L. 169 miles. Calculate. A finger width is about 1°. Popular distances from Seattle (SEA) Distance from Seattle to Paris (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport – Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport) is 5016 miles / 8073 kilometers / 4359 nautical miles. Our easy-to-use distance calculator gives approximate berth-to-berth distances between member ports themselves and also between member ports and some key regional ports. North Atlantic Ocean » 6. Beware of the fact that maps can distort distances. Taiwan Strait, arm of the Pacific Ocean, 100 miles (160 km) wide at its narrowest point, lying between the coast of China’s Fukien province and the island of Taiwan (Formosa). SS). port distance tables. Then enter the time value and then select the conversion designation for the speed answer. Whether you’re traveling alone or with others, find a ride option that fits your needs and budget. About this Gallery: Long-distance Ocean Travels. g. Downloadable! We describe the publicly available CERDI-seadistance database, which contains bilateral maritime distances between 227 countries and territories. 15078. The principle of internet banner advertising is based on how to attract the attention of the web viewers. SeaRates is the largest tariff search engine in the world for international shipping. Copyright © 2023 by SEA-DISTANCES. Please log in with your VesselFinder account and refresh this page. Boatbookings have created the leading online yacht charter route planner, distance and fuel calculator, so you can see your exact cruising plan and itinerary in unrivalled detail. 06 km) How far is it from SEA to the South Pole? From SEA to the South Pole, it is 9,496. Derived from an ancient Celtic unit and adopted by the Romans as the leuga, the league became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe. 8520 = 2. The 47-day exodus itinerary alone refutes the Nuweiba exodus route of Glen Fritz because even he admits his 555-mile (888 km) route cannot be travelled in less than 53 days. The CERDI-seadistance database. ^top. US Driving Distance Calculator, calculates the Distance and Driving Directions between two addresses, places, cities, villages, towns or airports in US. We are enabling smarter trade through digital technologies. Isochrone. Designed for tourists it stops at one of the Dead Sea beaches, provides plenty of time, and returns to Jerusalem in the afternoon. About Ship Radio Stations The GMDSS is an internationally recognized distress and radio communication safety system that has been in place for several decades. Maritime & Trade, which evolved from the publication Fairplay and its joint venture with Lloyd’s Register, enhances Sea-web by leveraging its position as the sole global issuing body of the IMO ship, company and. SEA DISTANCES / PORT DISTANCES - online tool for calculation distances between sea ports. Calculation: 5 km / 1. The use of hand-held devices with a telephone function, such as cell phones or. Input them in the haversine distance formula: d = 2R × sin⁻¹ (√ [sin² ( (θ₂ - θ₁)/2) + cosθ₁ × cosθ₂ ×. MarineTraffic Online Services. A Nautical Mile is 1/60th of a degree or one minute of latitude. Saint Lucia. Generated by the friction between wind and water, wind waves range from tiny ripples on a calm sea to storm-generated monsters that can tower more than 100 feet (30 meters) high. The distance between the points will then be displayed. The routes selected by the author are suitable for boats up to 48 inches draft. The breadth of the territorial sea,. Samoa. We return the shortest route sailed considering traffic separation schemes, SECA/ECA zones, piracy zones, canals and port entries. All Rights Reserved. To find the speed of a vessel on a measured nautical mile in a given number of minutes and seconds of time, enter the time in total seconds (i. Kilometers per hour. The biggest container logistics platform in the world. Prince Edward Island:. Total vessel displacement. How the ice forms in the fall, how thick it is, the location of openings in sea ice, and how it retreats in the spring determine where the animals are and whether. North pole: 3,800. Time Zones Map. The top solutions are determined by popularity, ratings and frequency of searches. Each volume also has special title page. McDistance is a mobile edition for the voyage calculation and voyage estimation application which synchronizes budget records with the desktop edition. 85 kilometers per hour. In this raster we have to indicate the resolution, in our case it is of 5000m, the projection and the extension of the raster. t. The driving distance from Seattle (SEA) to Tampa (TPA) is 3133 miles / 5042 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 55 hours 24 minutes. Search the MarineTraffic ships database of more than 550000 active and decommissioned vessels. (Washington Dulles International Airport) is 2306 miles / 3711 kilometers / 2004 nautical miles. Some wind waves are generated locally. Time Zones Map. The nautical mile (mni) is nearly equal to one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian, and is approximately equal to one minute of. For speed, it can convert knots to miles per hour, kilometers per hour, feet per second or meters per second. Then click Done when you're done editing and go to the Documents tab to merge or split the file. Select Measure distance. Kilometers (km): is the unit of length equal to 1000 meters or 0. Others, called swells, which result from winds that blew somewhere else in the past, travel across the ocean surface. How it works? You insert your origin and destination and then the. The Short Answer: NASA measures sea level around the globe using satellites. End result: 5 km is equal to 2. Actual miles. MarineTraffic Online Services. Sea-Seek Distance Calculator Navigation tools. Sediment moves from one place to another through the process of erosion. 75 km) north of the equator, so it is located in the northern hemisphere. The relevant port (s) for countries with access to the sea is defined as the coastal cell of a country that contains the highest number of shipping lines, and. org belongs to JSC "ISPsystem". Speed measurement units. Sea Distance & Time API. Minutes. Take the bus from Jerusalem Central Bus Station 3rd Floor/Platforms to Tel Aviv Savidor Train Station/Alight 480. Our free online flight time and distance calculator can be used as a flying route and fuel planner for any round trip, multi-stop, or one-way flight. Seconds. The Sun’s radiation creates prevailing wind patterns, which push ocean water to bunch in hills and valleys. Personal section. The function VI03 -Port Distances and Routes will calculate distances between ports (simple response) and even provide a track (extended response). Land freight: 13-17 days. The driving distance from Santa Ana (SNA) to Seattle (SEA) is 1162 miles / 1870 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 21 hours 57 minutes. one nautical mile (nmi) = 1. The nautical mile (symbol nmi, M or NM) is a non-SI unit of length used in navigation (both marine and aerial). A heaving deck and a cloudy sky made. An isochrone is an isoline for travel time, that is a curve of equal travel time. To commence the approach and begin closing the guide, all that's required of the approach ship is to increase engine speed by 4-5 knots. Motivated by the historically tense geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia, the paper simulates the potential closure of key maritime waterways in the region to predict the impact on trade and welfare. Cat. Sea-distances. Boats with deeper draft may have to select longer routes to avoid shallows. 1. Enter the address or the city of the second location. SELECT 'seadistance' FROM 'Seeweg' WHERE 'start' = 'aa' AND 'ziel' = 'bbb' This is not a valid T-SQL statement. 6 or 2. Minimum miles. 42 km) in the north. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. once you are seeing your desired islands, start clicking them in the order you plan to sail. Get point to point, port to point, and port to port sea routes and sea distances. e. To find the speed of a vessel on a measured nautical mile in a given number of minutes and seconds of time, enter the time in total seconds (i. 2. It generates point-to-point distances and routes for origin/destination pairs of locations. 6 GPH. The driving distance from Seattle (SEA) to Los Angeles (LAX) is 1127 miles / 1814 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 21 hours 18 minutes. We show ships current positions and marine traffic through the embedded maps of marinetraffic. DD), degrees and decimal minutes (DD:MM. It can still be potentially useful in planning a sailing or boating route, however. the time in an hour, minute, and second format. 1 = 150/6. The driving distance from Seattle (SEA) to Boston (BOS) is 2942 miles / 4734 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 54 hours 27 minutes. 62137 miles. 7 miles. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international agreement that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. Track Container Shipment and stay informed for Container Ships' Schedules. Request a ride up to 90 days before your trip, at any time and on any day of the year. CO2 service provides CO2e emissions (i. Formula. Detailed information are also returned for transit time, vessel speed and distances. What is the shortest road distance between Wells-next-the-Sea to Sandringham?Sea-distances. VAR 3. Ebey's Reserve is a great place to recreate! Hiking, kayaking, sailing, camping, - whether it's a holiday weekend or just a normal Friday afternoon, Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve is full of ways you can explore the outdoors and still make it into historic Coupeville for dinner on Penn Cove. The simplest and most commonly used method for gauging the distance of various objects on land and at sea is the thumb method. Currently any type of business will require you to work actively towards the implementation of advertising and marketing activities. Mark 1:16 Passing along by the sea of Galilee, he saw Simon. For instance, a boat or ship travelling at 15 knots could go 15 nautical miles per hour. North Pacific Ocean » 10. e. S. Distance and route computation. Use this calculator to find your theoretical hull speed. Vol. Alboran Sea » 4. The map can be centred around any of the below starting points - click your home base and get started! :) TOP TIP: If you’re after a leisurely sailing holiday (doing 4-5. 73 km) south of the North Pole. Next-generation web-app powered by industry-leading algorithms. Erosion is the removal and. Travelmath provides flight information to help you plan a trip. Each port and waypoint is carefully placed based on actual ship traffic and thorough analysis of routing options. Container Lines ALL LINES MAERSK (332) CMA CGM (253) MSC (615) EVERGREEN (171) COSCO (129) APL (48) ONE (65) NYK (31) HAPAG LLOYD (107)Distance & Time Shipping Calculator. Concourse C: Walk between the concourses or ride the yellow line to Concourse D and pick up the green. 50 x 300)/ 6. The route your driver takes might depend on the time of day and other factors, like traffic and how many other riders are making requests. Miles (mi): is also the unit of length which is rarely used and is equal to 1. The driving distance from Anchorage (ANC) to Seattle (SEA) is 2379 miles / 3828 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 48 hours 22 minutes. Let’s break down the formulas: Nautical Miles: A nautical mile is a unit of measurement used in navigation and represents approximately. You can plan your sailing journey down to the last detail with our interactive distance calculator. The answer is 25. The nautical mile calculator is a handy tool to help you calculate the distance from and to nautical miles (nmi). Container Lines ALL LINES MAERSK (332) CMA CGM (253) MSC (615) EVERGREEN (171) COSCO (129) APL (48) ONE (65) NYK (31) HAPAG LLOYD (107)Red Sea. The distance between Seattle (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport) and Los Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport) is 954 miles / 1535 kilometers / 829 nautical miles. With this speed, one can go around the globe more than 400,000 times in a minute! One thing to note is that the speed of. com offers a wide range of delivery options - from container shipping and cargo consolidation to large shiploads. Our easy-to-use distance calculator gives approximate berth-to-berth distances between member ports themselves and also between member ports and some key regional ports. The Office of Coast Survey depicts on its nautical charts the territorial sea (12 nautical miles), contiguous zone (24nm), and exclusive economic zone (200nm, plus maritime boundaries with adjacent/opposite countries). 4308. from Seattle, WA? The distance between Seattle (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport) and Washington D. The calculation of cruising distances were determined from NOAA and Canadian Hydrographic Service digital charts in BSB format using the Fugawi Marine ENC™ navigation application. While ticket prices remain undisclosed, passengers will be entitled to carry up to 40 kg of luggage without additional charges. The Jason-3 satellite uses radio waves and other instruments to measure the height of the ocean's surface – also known as sea level. C. While ticket prices remain undisclosed, passengers will be entitled to carry up to 40 kg of luggage without additional charges. Here are the basic conversion formulas for nautical miles: To convert nautical miles to kilometers: Kilometers = Nautical Miles * 1. More than 4000 sea ports. Richlen. 15 miles per hour) or approximately 1. The Distance Calculator can find distance between any two cities or locations available in The World Clock. org most likely does not offer any adult content. Cost Savings Along the NSR. Since the Middle Ages, many values have been specified in. Searching online turns up websites like this one, which can return the shortest over-water distance between two ports, but I'm looking for something more general. Air freight: hours to few days. 85 kilometers per hour. ORG All Rights Reserved. 539956803 nautical mile (symbol nmi, M or NM) = 1000 meters (m) = 1000000 millimeters (mm) = 100000. More than 4. Check Shipping Vessels Schedules By Routing, By Port, By Vessel, or By Carrier. Submit. You can use it free of charge! Everything is api-driven, if you like to integrate Searoutes into your own solution, please have a look into our api documentation or contact our sales manager. To create a path to measure, click anywhere on the map. Equator: 2,418. Take the line 256 bus from Tel Aviv-Savidor Train Stations/Platforms A to Ha'Eucalyptus/HaYam Road 256. 45 mi (15,283. Speed is (select units before calculating):The CERDI-seadistance database. Sea Distance & Time API. Ship Types . Route Planner is available to registered users. 15 miles per hour or 1. You may find some functions are no longer available or have limitations in use. v. If rate r is the same as speed s, r = s = d/t. ORG top-level domain. Speed profile, ECA zone avoidance, and gateway preference help you to compare various routes. Ship Types . com, port distance calculator free download, port. Conversions. The CERDI-SeaDistance database contains bilateral maritime distances between 227 countries and territories. A few months back I was working on a freelance project of visualizing geo-location data(i. com provides flight time and distance calculators free for the air charter industry. Vancouver to Toronto distance (YVR–YYZ) Anchorage to Seattle distance (ANC–SEA) London to Sydney distance (LHR–SYD) Air Miles Calculator helps you calculate how many miles it is from one airport to another and provides a map, estimated flight time, time difference between cities, and estimated CO2 emissions. Get the latitude and longitude of any address on Google. You can calculate things like the straight line distance between cities. Simple, powerful and effective tools tailored to your needs. • Unauthorized Access is strictly prohibited. There are three State Parks,. Feet. The US and UK agreed to standardize their length measurements in 1958. A sea is a large body of salty water. The common log was a rope with knots at. 852 kilometres (km) one nautical mile (nmi) = 1. The CERDI-seadistance database provides a matrix of bilateral sea distances for 227 countries and territories. We describe the publicly available CERDI-seadistance database, which contains bilateral maritime distances between 227 countries and territories. First zoom in, or enter the address of your starting point. 486 kilometers. Erosion is the removal and. We offer freight rates from the world's leading logistics providers, shipping lines and other vendors to destinations around the world. Sea-web is the ultimate maritime reference tool, with more than 600 data fields on over 220,000 ships of 100 GT and above. Sea level is the base level for measuring elevation and depth on Earth. The CERDI-seadistance database. First off, you can use Google Maps, including its satellite view, to take a look at an area you plan to be boating. The strait extends from southwest to northeast between the South and East China seas. 48. For this to work you have to know the length of a building, a bay or some other object ashore. Earth's mountain-building machinery formed the Black Sea basin several million years ago. BednBlue. 33 nautical miles. e. Whether you need information for a vessel, a port or at the global level, there’s a service to match your need. Detailed instructions for our sailing calculator: centre the map on your desired sailing area by clicking (holding) and dragging. Ship Types . However, as you might expect, this is not free, each. Published 23 November 2023 14:08 GMT. Latitudes and longitudes may be entered in any of three different formats, decimal degrees (DD. Solution: Formula: km / 1. --Around 300 B. Driving directions and travel distance calculation for. Accurate routes, sea distances and transit times are key criteria for improved decision making. MM) or degrees, minutes, and decimal seconds (DD:MM:SS. View vessel details and ship photos. 75 x 60 minutes in an hour. The nautical mile (mni) is nearly equal to one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian, and is approximately equal to one minute of arc of longitude at the equator. The CERDI-seadistance database provides a matrix of bilateral sea distances for 227 countries and territories. Follow. From Wiki Article. The database currently holds more than 9,500 ports and maritime locations, and more than 83,000 waypoints contribute to the accuracy of the calculation. Want to integrate Searoutes into your solution? Try our APIs Need to process multiple shipments via CSV? Click here for more details Searoutes provides powerful routing. How many solutions does Sea Distances: Abbr. Choosing just the east coast sea distances, changing the relative east–west weights, or even removing all observations including the US and Canada has no significant effect on the results. You can have a stress-free ride knowing that the Uber app will suggest the most efficient route to your driver. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Distances Between United States Ports is published by the Office of Coast Survey, National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pursuant to the Act of 6 August 1947 (33 U. Britain’s short sailing distances make varied and interesting itineraries easy to plan. We describe the publicly available CERDI-seadistance database, which contains bilateral maritime distances between 227 countries and territories. This module is available as an addition to a Sea-web Ships or a Sea-web Ports subscription. Sinai on day 64-65 and he added 12 “arbitrary” filler days to delay the arrival from day 53 to day 65. e. Travelmath helps you find driving distances based on actual directions for your road trip. 000. The VMS API is designed to connect Dataloy VMS to the best in breed solutions for the maritime industry, helping you expand your product lines, increase the pace of innovation, and cut costs and time for integration. But they're pretty close. The Auto Highlight feature (accessible in Map Settings > Airspace > Auto Highlight) dims most airspace, decreasing the thickness and brightness of the lines that define airspace boundaries. Fuel consumption will be decreased at cruising speeds. 92 mi (5,730. This calculator converts various nautical measurement units. Each port and waypoint is carefully placed based on actual ship traffic and thorough analysis of routing options. (John James Wild, 1877) At the surface, currents are mainly driven by four factors—wind, the Sun’s radiation, gravity, and Earth’s rotation. There is an option to reserve a seat in advance here and see here for full timetables and route. • Unauthorized Access is strictly prohibited. Seametrix API consists of two main services: The Get-Ports Service: Provides the means for searching and finding any sea. Physical constraints (coasts, winds, marine. Time Zones Map. Whether you’re traveling alone or with others, find a ride option that fits your needs and budget. Overcoming the tyranny of distance in a low-cost, sustainable manner will be key to successfully executing EABO. We found 1 solutions for Sea Distances: Abbr. In this case, 0. Nautical mile speed, commonly referred to as “knots,” is a unit of speed used in maritime and aviation contexts. Route Planner improves operational efficiency by route optimisation for any sea passage. Discover ocean depths, wind speed,. With one eye closed align your thumb at arm’s length with, say, the end of a 100m long breakwater. This structure has the disadvantage of offering limited. Kilometers (km): is the unit of length equal to 1000 meters or 0. © Intertek Group plc. Navigation tools. net is a maritime website monitoring ship traffic in 14 different types of geo regions like Seas, Straits, Canals, Sounds, Reefs etc. See also a map, estimated flight duration, carbon dioxide emissions and the time difference between Seattle and Seoul. If you are traveling to different cities and want to calculate the distance between cities, you can convert the city name to gps coordinates and then use the distance calculator or just use the distance between cities tool. Take and save a measurement. You can view more details on each measurement unit: nautical miles or statute miles The SI base unit for length is the metre. 15 miles per hour) or approximately 1. The routes selected by the author are suitable for boats up to 48 inches draft. Seametrix API consists of two main services: The Get-Ports Service: Provides the means for searching and finding any sea port or terminal from within Seametrix’s database. Sea-SeekDistance Calculator. 15 statute mph. We describe the publicly available CERDI-seadistance database, which contains bilateral maritime distances between 227 countries and territories. ) crossword clue, 5 letters. One km is equal to one thousand of meters (British spelling: metre), which is the current SI base unit of length. k. When you ride with Uber on your next trip from Takeley to Leigh-on-Sea, you’ve got choices. The function VI03 -Port Distances and Routes will calculate distances between ports (simple response) and even provide a track (extended response). SEA DISTANCES / PORT DISTANCES - online tool for calculation distances between sea ports. See also a map, estimated flight duration, carbon dioxide emissions and the time difference between Seattle and Paris. The driving distance from San Diego (SAN) to Seattle (SEA) is 1244 miles / 2002 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 23 hours 36 minutes. Mileage Calculator: Calculate the mileage of a flight between airports or the mileage of a car between addresses. Straits Canals Gulfs Bays Seas Oceans Rivers Lakes Sounds Fjords Reefs Lagoons Capes. One knot is equivalent to one nautical mile per hour, which is approximately 1. More than 4. Let's take a closer look at the conversion formula so that you can do these conversions yourself with a calculator or with an old-fashioned pencil and paper. It’s a crucial measure for safe and accurate navigation on the water. 27 mi (3,891. The distance between Seattle (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport) and Nashville (Nashville International Airport) is 1978 miles / 3183 kilometers / 1719 nautical miles. The term knot dates from the 17th century, when sailors measured the speed of their ship using a device called a “common log. B. SeaDistance API to calculate Sea distances, and lead time, used internally to get rate estimations. [Note: The distance between cities in Canada distance chart below is straight line distance (may be called as flying or air distance) between the two locations in Canada calculated based on. Find locations of ports and ships using the near Real Time ships map. We recommend you allow extra time to enjoy your. ORG All Rights Reserved. The information it provides for your potential or operational flight plan includes distance, fuel consumption, and anticipated cost — with the information delivered to you instantly. 1. 000 distances. Row. Ship Types . ETA: August 31, 2020, 1:15 AM. Port of Skikda » 2. Web Applications. More than 4. The distance between Seattle (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport) and Los Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport) is 954 miles / 1535 kilometers / 829 nautical miles. The accuracy of the provided data is based on the latest estimates available to us and can significantly differ from the real-life website stats, so should be. Sail Displacement. The shortest transit times. Roger has taught thousands of pastors, missionaries, and Christian leaders in 32 countries worldwide. More than 4000 sea ports. The CERDI-seadistance database provides a matrix of bilateral sea distances for 227 countries and territories. Indonesia's maritime territory and exclusive economic zone. The distance between Seattle (Seattle–Tacoma International Airport) and Boston (Logan International Airport) is 2496 miles / 4016 kilometers / 2169 nautical miles. Netpas Distance is a Port Distance Table providing 12,000 ports and 0. Verification Code. In the menu bar, click Tools Ruler. This flight distance finder would calculate air distance for all types of routes. Copyright © 2023 by SEA-DISTANCES. 06 km) in the north. More than 4000 sea ports. Each publication is subdivided into geographic regions, called sectors, which contain information about the coastal weather, currents, ice, dangers, features and ports, as well as graphic keys to standard. How to find the flight distance between two places? To find the flight distance between two places, please insert the locations in the control of flight distance calculator and Calculate Flight Distance to get the required results while travelling by air. Australia Driving Distance Calculator, calculates the Distance and Driving Directions between two addresses, places, cities, villages, towns or airports in Australia. Improve this answer. There are various checkpoints on the way, and as a. Saint Barthelemy. A. We aim at helping shippers, BCOs, forwarders and carriers identify the greener routes to reduce their transport carbon footprint, all modes. How to choose Departure and Arrival points on the map with calculator's target buttons. Average speed: POL: POD: Distance and Time - Online tool for calculation distances between air and sea ports. Select limit or boundary for specific information. The driving distance from Seattle (SEA) to Salt Lake City (SLC) is 839 miles / 1351 kilometers, and travel time by car is about 14 hours 45 minutes. ”. 282. Load Calculator is an application intended to compute and to place some goods into container and make their position to place some goods into a transport unit and make their position optimal.